Differences when considering countries was taken into account of the repaired effects ?

The latest sister fixed consequences define 65% of one’s type into the training within attempt

_gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).

Inside our decide to try you’ll find 676 siblings, of just who 302 was ple (because they are from a household where one girl is partnered early) provides dads that have somewhat straight down instructional attainment, are more likely to become Muslim, consequently they are more likely to live-in rural parts

When we discuss the newest the amount to which province and you can community repaired consequences just take differences in societal and you may monetary downside by the investigating their ability to explain version when you look at the academic attainment, we find your town fixed consequences describe more than 29% of the adaptation, a little more than the step 3% told me of the state fixed outcomes. All of the type is actually however within villages.

I earliest establish estimations you to definitely manage for province*time-trend FE then town*time-trend FE. I next wade one step subsequent from the to present overall performance in which i imagine brother fixed effects patterns the spot where the coefficients was projected from evaluations of siblings, one of which got hitched early and almost every other exactly who performed maybe not. So it research controls for everybody members of the family features, one another observable and you will unobservable, knowledgeable because of the sisters e.g., nearest and dearest record. This but not reduces this new test. Such answers are thus best-read as actually relevant so you can homes from significantly more conventional and lower socio-economic homes. Footnote ten

Finally, ?_ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11

where ChY_ihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric Chittagong in Bangladesh women forever z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (X_ihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHCh_hv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Ch_ihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.